Causes of Migration

Various demographers have tried to give view from their own point of view. There are various studies upon migration. Professor D. J. Bogue in his famous book ‘Principle of Demography’ mentioned the negative and positive causes of migration. We know that mainly there are two kinds of migration. There are many causes behind these two kinds of migration.

Causes of international migration: The causes which leads to international migration we may include the following causes.

1. To give advantage for better job.
2. To acquire more income.
3. To get comfortable environment according to their own desire.
4. Reduction of national property.
5. Illiteracy.
6. Discriminating behavior.
7. To separate from group.
8. To get rid of from national disaster area.

Mainly we may divide the causes international migration into following categories.

1. Biological characteristics 
2. Social characteristics 
3. Personal characteristics

Biological characteristics: we may include under biological characteristics the following causes.

• Migration by age.
• Migration by marriage.
• Migration by sex difference.
• Migration by racial difference.
• Migration by higher education.

Migration by Age: age is an important variable in this kind of migration. The people whose age between 15 to 35 among them the rate of migration are very high. Mainly these people migrate due to acquire higher education.

Migration by Marriage: Marriage is another variable in migration. This kind of migration we can see in girl.

Migration by sex difference: The variables which drive the people to migrate among sex is most important. The rate of migration in male is higher than the girl. With increasing of distance migration in female reduces. In this field male migrates are to job. After the marriage women migrate pith his husbands.

Migration by racial difference: Among white migration rate is higher than black. After independence most of Hindus are migrating toward India due to racial discrimination. 

Migration by higher education and research: The people who have higher education and research migrate due to high education and research in various areas of the world.

Causes of Internal Migration

We may divide the causes of this kind migration into following categories

• Economic cause.
• Demographic cause.
• Social cause.
• Education and cultural cause.
• Political cause.

A. Economic Cause: We may include following causes under economic causes.

• Reduction of per agriculture land: Bangladesh is an agriculture based under developed country. Most of the people depend upon agriculture. Due to over dependency on agriculture lands are reducing day by day. It has great impact upon agriculture production. It is driving the people toward town in search of jobs.
• Improved mechanical facilities: In the field of agriculture due to invention various instruments a few number of labor are engaging in this sector. Consequently a major part of people are losing their job. These people are moving toward town to get employment.
• Seasonal unemployment: We cannot see the same unemployment in every region in agriculture based countries. In northern side of our country during cutting of paddy we cannot see any unemployment. In another time they stay unemployment. In southern side we can see many unemployment during the rainy season.
• Impact of modern industrialization: Modern industrialization and the development of mechanical technique of the people who involve in agriculture sector are moving toward industry. Because they are getting more wages working in the industry. Many people are migrating into various counties as labor force.
• Trade and Commerce: Man migrates from one place to another place due to purpose of trade and commerce, establishing of industry, production, marketing. Due to trade and commerce man not only migrates internally but also internationally.
• Development of communication and transportation system: It has become easy to migrate for man due to development of communication and transportation system.
• Adequate employing facilities and ensuring: Man migrates due to get adequate employing facilities and ensuring in urban area, industrial area, and foreign.

B. Demographic Causes: We may include the following causes under demographic cause.

• Migration by parents: Due to transformation of profession or any order cause when parents migrate, Dependency other members upon them migrate.
• Migration by material relation: In this field female migrates more than male. Most of the people whose age between 20 and 35 among them the tendency of migration is very high.
• Migration by sex difference: Male migrates more than female. With the increasing of distance permanent migration rate reduces among female. In internal migration the numbers of female are lower than male. Due to job, sex difference migration occurs. In female marriage is the main factor of migration. Besides this when the head of the family migrates, other dependency member migrate.
• Birth rate, death rate and age: The place where birth is high the population density is high and from this place active people migrates comprehensively. The place where death rare is high from this place people migrate to another place. This migration occurs between 20 and 30 who are active.

C. Social Causes: There are many social causes among the most important are following:

• The place where most of the people of the family live where other members want to live. Not only dependence members migrate but also all-knowing family want to migrate for social advantages.
• There is a social custom to live in group among them there is a similarity between nation and language. It may equally applicable in less developed and developed country. For example Badiya community in Bangladesh.
• It there is a great possibility of exploitation upon any group due to religion or social or political cause. We can see the tendency of movement in this group from one place to another place.
• Marriage is one of the most important variables in migration. Due to marriage female migrate from fathers home to husbands home. In some regions male migrate from fathers home to wives fathers’ house.

D. Political Causes: Both kinds of migration may be occurred due to political cause.

• Provision of Khash land by the government and migration: In some region government distributes the land among the poor. In these regions people migrate from densely populated area.
• Conflict between political parties: Sometimes political conflicts the members of one party migrate from one place to another place even one country to another country.
• Colonial rule and exploitation: It is one of the most important causes of migration. To get rid of from colonial rule and exploitation people migrate from one place to another place.
• Political conflicts and war: Due to political conflict and war people migrate from one country to another country. For example, during the independent war of 1971 a large number of people took shelter in India going from Bangladesh.

E. Education and Cultural Causes: Due to education and cultural cause people migrate from one place to another place. The people whose age between 20 and 30 migrate form higher education (unmarried). The country in which religious beliefs, cultural unity, the bond of language are same. The people of this county want to migrate the place where people live of their religion.

F. Geographic Causes: From geographical side, the county or region where climate is healthy where people want to migrate.