Defination and types of socialization

Socialization:

Man is not only social but also cultural. Culture provides opportunities for a person to develop their personality. The development of personality is not an automatic process. Every society prescribes its own ways and means of giving social training to its newborn members so that they may develop their own personality. This social training is called socialization.

The human child comes into the world as a biological organism with animal needs. He gradually moulded into society into a social being and learned a social way of acting and feeling.

The process of moulding and shaping the personality of the human infant is called socialization. A definition is provided below to better understand socialization.

W.F.Ogburn: “Socialization is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group.”

Bogardus:  “Socialization is the process of working together, of developing group responsibility, or being guided by the welfare needs of others.”

Peter Worsley explains socialization as the process of Transmission of culture, the process whereby men learn the rules and practices of social groups.

Finally, we can say that the process of adjustment in the social environment is called socialization.

Types of socialization:

David and Jary discussed some types of socialization:

1. Primary socialization: This is the most essential and basic type of socialization. It takes place in the early years of the newborn's life. It concentrates on the teaching of language and cognitive skills, the interaction of culture, norms, and values, the establishment of emotional ties, and the appreciation of other roles and perspectives. The human child does not have a sense of right and wrong, desirable and undesirable, moral and immoral. By trial and error, direct and indirect observation, and experience, the child gradually learns the norms of right and wrong behavior. A process whereby people learn the language, attitude, values, and actions.

2. Development socialization: This kind of learning is based on the achievements of primary socialization. “It builds on already acquired skills and knowledge as the adult progress through new situations such as marriage or new jobs. These new expectations, obligations, and roles. New learning is added to and blended with old in a relatively smooth and continuous process of development”—Ian Robertson.

    

3. Anticipatory socialization: Men not only learn the culture of the group of which they are immediate members. They may also learn the culture of groups they do not belong to. A person who intends to join the army may start doing physical exercises to toughen their body and learning the manners of the army. Socialization is not a process that occurs solely in early childhood. On the other hand, it takes place at different times and places throughout life.

4. Re-socialization: It is not only that individuals change roles within groups, but they also change membership in groups. It may also happen in periods of rapid social mobility. For example, a newlywed housewife may be forced to become a prostitute in a brother. In this instance, the social role of the individual changed radically.

5. Broad socialization: It is intended to promote independence, individualism, and self-expression. Exam: A school boy or a college boy doesn’t have more independence than a university student

6. Narrow socialization: It is intended to promote obedience and conformity. Exam: You have to clean your table.

7. Natural socialization: Occurs when infants and young children explore, play, and discover the social world. Exam: natural process when they play the action as bride or bridegroom.“Human infants learn Russo from nature.”

8. Planned socialization: occurs when other people take action, with the desire to teach or train others from infancy. An elder brother can teach his younger brother how to respect others.

9. Positive socialization: Positive socialization is the social learning that is based on pleasure and existing experience.

10. Negative socialization: Negative socialization occurred when others used punishment.

11.  Secondary  socialization: