Defination and types of socialization

Socialization:

  Man is not only social but also cultural. It is the culture that provides    opportunities for man to develop the personality. Development of personality is not an automatic process. Every society prescribes its own ways and means of giving social training to its new born member so that they may develop their own personality. This social training is called socialization.

The human child comes into the world as a biological organism with animal needs. He gradually moulded in society into a social being and learns social way of acting and feeling.

The process of moulding and shaping the personality of the human infant is called socialization. Some definition is to be given bellow that help to better understanding socialization.

W.F.Ogburn: “Socialization is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group.”

Bogardus:  “Socialization is the process of working together, of developing group responsibility, or being guided by the welfare needs of others.”

Peter Worsley explains socialization as the process of Transmission of culture, the process whereby men learn the rules and practices of social groups.

Finally we can say that the process of adjustment in social environment is called socialization.

Types of socialization:

David and Jary told some types of socialization:

1.    Primary socialization: This is the most essential and basic type of socialization. It takes place in the early years of life of the new born individual. It concentrates on the teaching of language and cognitive skills, the interaction of culture, norms and values, establishment of emotional ties and the appreciation of other roles and perspectives.

The human child does not have a sense of right and wrong, desirable and undesirable, moral and immoral. By trial and error by direct and indirect observation and experience, the child gradually learns the norms relating to right and wrong behavior.

Process whereby people learn the language, attitude, values and action.

2.    Development socialization: This kind of learning is based on the achievements of primary socialization. “It builds on already acquired skills and knowledge as the adult progress through new situations such as marriage or new jobs. These new expectations, obligations, and roles. New learning is added to and blended with old in a relatively smooth and continuous process of development”—Ian Robertson    

3.    Anticipatory socialization: Men not only learn the culture of the group of which they are immediate members. They may also learn the culture of groups to which they do not belong. A person who intends to join the army may start doing physical exercises to toughen his body and learning the manners of army. Socialization is not a process that takes place merely in early childhood. On the other hand, it takes at different times and places throughout life.

4.    Re socialization: It is not only do individuals change roles within groups, but they also change membership – groups. It may also happen in periods of rapid social mobility. For example a newly wedded housewife may be forced to become a prostitute in a brother. In this instance the social role of the individual got changed radically.

5.    Broad socialization: It is intended to promote independence, individualism and self expression. Exam: school boy or collage boy doesn’t have more independent than university student

6.    Narrow socialization: It is intended to promote obedient and conformity. Exam: you have to clean your table.

7.    Natural socialization: occurs when infants and young starts explore, play and discover the social word. Exam: natural process when they play the action as bride or bridegroom.“The human infants learn Russo from nature.”

8.    Planed socialization: occurs when other people take action desire to teach or train others from infancy. Exam: an elder brother can teach his younger’s how to respect other.

9.    Positive socialization: positive socialization is the social learning that is best on pleasure existing experience.

10.                       Negative socialization: negative socialization occurred when others use punishment.

11.                       Secondary  socialization: