Methods of Study in Sociology of Education

• Scientific Method: This method involves problem identification; formation of hypothesis; collection of relevant data; analysis of data; and making of deductions from findings. The scientific method is the most commonly used of all the methods.

• Historical Method: The historical method involves making references to past human behavior as an antecedent to the present area of study. For example, the historical method can be used to determine the importance of the University of Ibadan in the development of tertiary education in Nigeria.

• Descriptive Method: The descriptive method helps researchers plan and carry out descriptive studies, designed to provide rich descriptive details about people, places, and other phenomena. The descriptive method often involves extensive observation and note-taking, as well as in-depth narrative. Because it does not lend itself to in-depth analysis or hypothesis testing, some researchers regard the descriptive method as unscientific. However, a descriptive research design can serve as a first step that identifies important factors, laying a foundation for more-rigorous research.

• Experiment Method: The experimental method of investigating sociological issues is generally accepted as the most reliable. In this model, one or several hypotheses are formulated and tested by manipulating variables to see their effects on the study participants. If a researcher hypothesizes that people will sit closer or farther apart depending on how well they know each other, he may set up a study in which participants are randomly selected and asked to meet at the park. Unseen, the researcher records the distance between the participants while sitting on a bench together.

• Functionalist Method: The functionalist method is used in determining the social functions that are performed by people and institutions in society.

• Social Survey: This is a research-oriented method commonly known as an eyewitness account. It is used in sociological research to get first-hand information in any area of study.

• Phenomenological Method: The phenomenological method is used in making critical examination and interpretation of social systems and institutions in the society and institutions in society. It involves observing a social problem, interpreting it, and if possible, finding a solution to the problem.

References: Sociology of Education by S.S. Chandra & R. K. Sharma