Nature and Trends of Urbanization in Developing Countries

Urbanization is the sociological process in which a society makes a transition from a rural society to an urban one. It is the development and expansion process of urban area “through the population growth and concentration of people in around cities.

Developing Countries 

Developing country means that country that have not capable to earn minimum 1 dollar income per day. Example: Pakistan, Bangladesh, African country, south East Asian country, Scandinavia, Uganda, etc.

Three basis of it’s

• Resource base.
• Population base.
• Human resource base.

Causes of Urbanization

1. Industrialization.
2. Migration.
3. Increase of technology.
4. Immigration.
5. Obvious opportunity for financial prosperity and a new life.
6. Human Reproduction.
7. Natural population growth (birth more than death).
8. Facilities for employment.
9. Facilities for education.

Two type of movement for urbanization in developing countries

1. Centripetal: From center to periphery.
2. Centrifugal: From periphery to center.

Elements of Urbanization in Developing Countries

1. Pull factor: By will (Educational, Religion, for better life, for occupation etc.)
2. Push factor: By force (political, natural disaster, etc.)

Process of Urbanization in Developing Countries

There are five major factors out as determinants of city growth and urbanization

1. Agricultural Revolution.
2. Technological Revolution.
3. Commercial Revolution.
4. Demographic Revolution.
5. Political revolution.

Current Characteristics of Developing Urbanization

1. Live in the petty-urban interface face much new challenge.
2. Overall population growth rate and urban rural migration are high.
3. The rapid increase in urban population has put extreme physical pressure on land.
4. Urban poverty (which is link with unemployment and under employment).
5. Increase in urban labor.
6. Primacy and over urbanization.
7. Protected Poverty.
8. Miss-allocation of labor.
9. Populist pressure on governance.
10. Changing nature of class conflict between urban & rural.
11. Low life change like high infant mortality rate.

Model of urbanization in developing countries

Serial	Year	Percentage
1	1950	15%
2	1975	30%
3	2000	43%

(Source: Palen, 1981)

Pattern of Developing Urbanization

1. Unlawful resident settlements in developing country about 13% people are live in slam area.
2. Lack of basic service (Water, Sanitation, electricity etc.).
3. Unemployment and industrialization: High agricultural density and population type agriculture, regardless of the rate of economic development.
4. Environmental problem (water, air, noise, soil etc.)
5. Health problem (malaria, cholera, virus, resistant infection).
6. Social Crises (Rape, robbery, staling, murder etc.)
7. Prostitution (Women are involving in this activities).
8. Primate City: Primate Cities in given country range as much as thirty times greater in population than the some counties next largest city. 
9. Over urbanization: It suggest that there is no large a population of the nation’s population regarding cities for the nations level of economic development.
10. Lay of urbanization: Ghetto culture in western view.
11. Pattern of inequality: (a) Upper class (b) Lower class
12. Problem of broken family (industrialization and urbanization responsible for this)
13. Deprivedness problem.

Primate City	Crime and prostitution.
Shanty town	Population increase in urban labor
Inform social movements and politics	Primacy and over urbanization
Local urbanization	Pattern of inequality
Miss-allocation of labor	Environmental problem
All economy	Health problem.
	Protected poverty.

Urbanization Speed in some Developing country

Country	Year	Rate
Bangladesh	1981	15.2
India	1981	21.5
Malaysia	1980	34.2
Iran	1980	50.8
Nepal	1981	6.4
Shri-linka	1981	21.5
Thailand	1984	17.0

Changing Feature/Problem of Developing Urbanization

1. Broken family structure.
2. Urban lessens.
3. Racism and poverty.
4. Cross inequality.
5. High unemployment.
6. Fiscal problems (education, health, infrastructure housing).
7. Road accident.
8. Environment problem.
9. Inadequate supply of clean water.
10. High incident of disease.
11. Over-crowded school and hospital.
12. Over lording in public transport and increase in traffic jam.
13. Social isolation.
14. Natural disaster.