Typology of Migration

Fairchild introduced a typology which has divided into 4 types 

1. Innovation.
2. Conquest.
3. Colonization.
4. Immigration.

He constructed this typology on the basis of cultural pattern and types of migration. But Peterson criticized this typology on the ground of ethnocentrism. He argued that if we want to explain cultural pattern we will have to impose the concept of ethnocentrism. So natural picture is not achieved by Fairchild. Besides he argued that if we want to consider the view of Fairchild, we will recognize the internal and international migration.

Heverle constructed a typology in 1956 and he studied on the immigrants of USA and established typologies of migration.

Beatman and Archy 1980 developed a typology of migration based on the data of Canada. The main basis of his typology was

1. Dimension of colony movement.
2. Cyclical movement.
3. Populations turn over.
4. Long term stability.
5. Population growth.

If we want to analyze internal migration we should consider these five types.

Peterson-Greenwood hypothesis:

Peterson tried to study migration into 4 units of measurement which is noted below.

1. Ecological Push: Example if any natural calamity such as river erosion occurs people is compelled to migrate from his own place to another. This is the ecological push.
2. Migration Policy: Govt. can make any policy about migration. So that people are compelled to migrate.
3. High Aspiration: This is the influencing factors of migration.
4. Social Movement: If people are humiliate in society than migration is their tendency. A social movement will occur.

Lateson has divided two Types of Migration

1. Innovative Migration: When people migrate from one place to another and a new dimension will be achieved, this is called innovative migration.
2. Conservative Migration: When people migrate from one place to another and don’t able to acquire new dimension this type of migration is called conservative migration.

There are five types of migration are taken from Peterson’s book “A General Typology of migration in American Sociological review.

1. Primitive Migration: Primitive migration is the consequence of ecological push. Gypsy tribes such as video and nomad are the example of this type.
2. Forced Migration: The coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region.
3. Impelled Migration: Impelled migration is that where person’s own decision is taking to migrate.
4. Free Migration: There is free migration in way which the people are free to migrate in the way they like.
5. Mass Migration: The movement of a large group of people from one geographic area to another.

Goldschider criticized the view of Peterson’s typologies that among conservation and innovative migration. It is difficult to say which is conservative and which innovative migration is.

Krishrion and Odynak (1987) criticized all typologies. It is true that migration is related with socio-economic factors. But they also said with empirical data that many times. People are going to the lower position before that through migration. As a result, they have shown three types of migration.

1. Upward- Towards better.
2. Stationary- Not so good, not so bad.
3. Downward- Toward lower.

The nature and types of migration are usually similar in all over the world. Some of the main causes of migration are environmental, economic, political, social ethnic and so on.

Mainly there are two types of migration

A. Internal Migration: Internal migration involves a permanent change of residence within national boundaries. It may be classified into two types-

   a) Streams of Migration: Steams of migration can be classified into following types.

• Rural to Urban Migration.
• Rural to Rural Migration.
• Urban to Urban Migration.

  b) Distance of migration: Distance of migration is also classified into three types-

• Short distance migration.
• Medium distance migration.
• Long distance migration

B. International Migration: It a person moves from one country to another, he or she becomes in an international migrant, an immigrant in terms of the area of origin. And an immigrant in terms of the area of distinction. International migration can be classified into following types.

• In-migration.
• Out-migration.

Other Types of Migration

1. Chair Migration: The mechanism by which foreign nationals are allowed to immigrate due to the acquired citizenship of an adult relative.
2. Illegal Migration: Immigration that defines the laws of the arrival country.
3. Political Migration: A migration motivated primarily by political interest.
4. Seasonal Human Migration: Migration which is held by season change. The activity of nomads, communities that continually move from one place to another.